what is power factor formula

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What Is Power Factor Formula:

The power factor (PF) is the ratio between the real power (P) and the apparent power (S) in an alternating current (AC) electrical system. It represents the efficiency of the system in converting electrical power into useful work. The power factor is given by the formula:


Power Factor (PF) = P / S


Where:

- PF: Power factor

- P: Real power (measured in watts)

- S: Apparent power (measured in volt-amperes, or VA)


Alternatively, the power factor can also be calculated using the trigonometric relationship between real power (P), apparent power (S), and the reactive power (Q):


Power Factor (PF) = cos(θ)


Where:

- PF: Power factor

- θ: The phase angle between the voltage and current waveforms


In AC circuits, the apparent power is the vector sum of the real power and the reactive power. The power factor indicates the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms. A power factor of 1 (or unity) represents a purely resistive load, where the voltage and current waveforms are in phase. A power factor less than 1 indicates the presence of reactive elements, such as inductive or capacitive loads, causing the voltage and current to be out of phase.


It's important to note that a low power factor can result in inefficient energy usage, increased energy losses, and higher electricity costs. Therefore, power factor correction techniques are often employed in industrial and commercial settings to improve power factor and optimize energy efficiency.

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